尋找沉默的真相：蘇哈托之後，印尼的轉型正義

尋找沉默的真相：蘇哈托之後，印尼的轉型正義    

1975 - 1980 間, 奉派出任印尼雅加達; 到任後, 每遇當地華僑, 他們多

欲言又止, 對他們在當地的際遇又欲語還休, 總覺得他們好像有些禁忌不可

談的歷史, 開始與印尼官員也不熟, 只好利用出差新加坡或香港時, 到

當地書店找澳洲或南洋大學出版有關印尼華人歷史的書藉, 邊看邊問,

慢慢就拚湊出一較完整的圖案; 華人與當地人間的愛恨情仇都與歷史糾結;

當荷蘭人殖民時期, 因荷蘭官員人數不足, 就採用以夷制夷的策略, 將社經

地位較高的華人運到荷蘭接受文官訓練, 返回印尼後, 擔任有實權的地方官吏,

但擔心華人尾大不掉, 定下了華人不得擁有土地的法律, 如此, 華人只得在都市

生存, 不擔任公職, 只得從事商業; 等到日本占領印尼, 因東南亞的華人全面抗日,

尤其在星馬一帶, 大肆屠殺華人, 在印尼亦是, 等日本戰敗, 印尼的原宗主國 - 

荷蘭已是一片廢墟, 無力返回重新執政, 在權力真空時期, 英國曾利用日本投降

時繳交的武器, 武裝了從戰俘營放出來的英國戰俘, 從東爪哇的大城 - 泗水

(Surabaya) 登陸, 後被經華僑資助當地人組成的民兵擊退; 而另一派人數較多

的擁荷華人一派, 卻積極設法想盡方法使荷蘭人回來, 這派華人中最有名的就是

國民政府大員外交部長 - 顧維斌 (後擔任海牙國際法庭法官), 他娶了印尼糖王,

一位僑領的女兒, 這也是後來印尼政府一直跟國民党搞不好關好的根由; 後來,

民族英雄 Soekarno 利用了印尼共產黨 (PKI - Partai Komunis Indonesia)的力量

 (己擁有總投票人數三分之一),登上了總統大位, 他亦設法將PKI 納入政治結構,

但他的政治路線漸偏向中國共產黨, 於是美國政府指令 CIA 策動陸軍中一些上校,

在 1965 年的某日發動政變, 一夜間, 謀殺了六位最高階將領, 另一位階級較低的戰備

司令 - Suharto 少將, 因探望住院的兒子而逃掉一劫, CIA 助其逃出 Jakarta, CIA

再以巨款收買駐紮在外的將領, 擁 Suharto 為首, 大軍殺回 Jakarta, 大肆屠殺,

姿意隨便扣上一項共產黨, 不經審判, 即被斬首 (經過見下列紀錄片 **The Act of Killing)

當時的雅加達可說是血流成河, 城內華人區有條河, 當地人稱為 "Merak (Bloody Red)";

整個事件的死亡人數高達伍拾萬人; 我的瞭解, 以前只是拚湊而成, 前後無法連貫, 直到

今日撞到下列第一篇政治評論, 再進一步瞭解, 才知道美國大哥恐懼共產黨, 什麼不人道

的手段都能使出來;

記住, 要看那幾部記錄片;

james

尋找沉默的真相：蘇哈托之後，印尼的轉型正義

http://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/1763761-%E5%B0%8B%E6%89%BE%E6%B2%89%E9%BB%98%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%EF%BC%9A%E8%98%87%E5%93%88%E6%89%98%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9

印尼1965：反共大屠殺的五十年後

http://chinaworker.info/hhk/2015/11/30/11470/

1965年印尼九三Ｏ事件

http://rokokuo.pixnet.net/blog/post/284641961-1965%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6

Timeline - A partial chronology of events

http://www.comingtojakarta.net/jakarta-chronology/

The Act of Killing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing

http://blog.udn.com/blackjack/11634367

**THE ACT OF KILLING, Documentary with Filmmaker Joshua Oppenheimer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHGbb64YxAk

**Jagal (Butcher) - The Act of Killing (full movie)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tILiqotj7Y

What Indonesians really think about The Act of Killing

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/05/act-of-killing-screening-in-indonesia

The Act of Killing: don't give an Oscar to this snuff movie

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/23/act-of-killing-dont-give-oscar-snuff-movie-indonesia

The Look of Silence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Look_of_Silence

http://europeanfilmawards.eu/en_EN/film/the-look-of-silence.3720

The Look of Silence: Act of Killing director's second film is as horrifically gripping as first - Venice film festival review

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/27/the-look-of-silence-review-act-of-killing-venice-film-festival

The Look of Silence: Discussion with director Joshua Oppenheimer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eJ7IKCDe-E

**The Look of Silence: Full Movie

http://watchmovie.ms/The-Look-of-Silence-online-full-movie-free-65-4812.html#

Eyes Wide Shut

http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/07/look-of-silence-joshua-oppenheimer-documentary/398672/

The Look of Silence and Indonesia’s Quest for Truth and Reconciliation

http://time.com/4383283/the-look-of-silence-indonesia-1965-1966-killings-massacre-pki/

**Fog Of War - Eleven Lessons From The Life Of Robert S. Mcnamara

https://archive.org/details/TheFogOfWarElevenLessonsFromTheLifeOfRobertS.Mcnamara

https://freedocumentaries.org/documentary/the-fog-of-war#watch-film

**Little Dieter Needs to Fly

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dieter_Needs_to_Fly

http://picamov.com/play.php?movie=tt0145046

THE WEIRD GENIUS OF “THE ACT OF KILLING”

http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-weird-genius-of-the-act-of-killing

A Gleam of Light in Asia

https://jagadees.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/a-gleam-of-light-in-asia/

An Island Lies Bleeding  Noam Chomsky

https://chomsky.info/19940705/