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Sunday, June 26, 2016

【講些正經的!】 ‘小麥的前世、今生與來世’

好像在去年或前年, 在同學群組上曾貼過一文, ‘小麥的前世今生’   
但為了再續昨日有關侏儒小麥, 再論有關基改作物, 想去找出
那篇不夠成熟的舊文,遍尋不著; 但畢竟還是讓我找到, 再重覆
在本文最後; 

在網上胡亂找時, 發現這題目的討論, 有不少在佛教有關的網站,
說的是關於輪迴的議題;‘小麥的前世、今生與來世’ 
(http://goo.gl/avhM9R); (我推想這是佛經中所謂的大千世界,
眾生平等, 符合有機農業宣揚的 '生物多樣性' (BioDiversity),
我胡亂推論的, 不對的話, 請指正;

自從「遺傳學之父」尊稱的孟德爾以豌豆為材料,開始歷經八年實驗,
證明上一代的特徵遺傳給下一代是遵循著一個定律而不是漫無目的;
他以高莖如矮莖為例,首先將矮莖豌豆雄蕊摘掉,再將高莖豌豆的花粉
撒再矮莖豌豆的柱頭上,使兩者交配,觀察他們所產生的子代為高莖
或矮莖; 後有科學家注意到細胞核內的染色體,而遺傳基因是染色體
的一部份。現代生物科技的紀元正式起始於1953年4月25日,當華生
(James Watson)和克立克(Francis Crick)在《Nature》雜誌上提出
DNA的雙螺旋構造。他們的論文極短,但卻開啟了生命科學學的時代,
影響的卻深遠。也因此獲得1962年的諾貝爾生理醫學獎。
1914年,夏爾和易斯特發現自交作物經雜交可大為提高生產力,因而
帶動玉米與其他作物的雜交研究。 1963年,比切爾首先成功完成水稻
雜交,被稱為『雜交水稻之父』。1983年,奇頓最早發表基因改造植物。
特找出這一系列在遺傳學及細胞分子學上的重大事件,來引出下面有關
基改作物的正反兩邊辯証緣由 (Hybridization vs Genetically 
Modified) ; (Crossbreeding 是指動物或人類在同一物種下的交配;
若跨物種 Transgenic Animals, 如驢與馬交配而生出的騾,
公驢和母馬的基因較容易結合子是一種動物,有雌雄之分,分爲驢騾和
馬騾,但是沒有生育的能力)

以下是現代小麥究意是經大自然雜交, 抑或人為操弄基因改造兩方的辯論:

這是主張, 為改良品種, 如提高產量, 或抗虫害, 抗旱等特性,
以雜交遺傳 (Hybridization)的自然結果, 而不是操弄基改作物;
Wheat Improvement: The Truth Unveiled
http://tinyurl.com/hjabzrd
Ask Us Anything About GMOs!
https://goo.gl/E6TMqL
The Genetically Modified Crops Debate in the Context of Agriculture Evolution
http://tinyurl.com/gofszwe

但仍有不少專業者, 對 Monsanto 及 DuPont 的各種掠食性格的
各種隱誨商業行為及似是而非的辯詞不信任;
Wheat is NOT "genetically-modified"
I say “tomato,” you say “tomaato.”
http://goo.gl/E39wg
Book : Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your 
 Path Back to Health 
https://goo.gl/T7W0es
Is gluten on the increase?
http://goo.gl/ZLGiq3
Can an Increase in Celiac Disease Be Attributed to an Increase in the 
Gluten Content of Wheat as a Consequence of Wheat Breeding?
http://tinyurl.com/j2j5jh2
Is GMO Wheat Increasing Celiac and Gluten Sensitivity?
https://goo.gl/2ent81
Wheat is NOT Genetically Modified…so why so Many Sensitivities?
<One of the reasons gluten sensitivity is on the rise is that wheat has been altered so that it has higher gluten content.>
http://goo.gl/lzrmV
Genetically Modified vs. Hybridized Food: Should We Be Concerned?
http://goo.gl/UMbiLp
What's wrong with modern wheat?
http://www.grainstorm.com/pages/modern-wheat

FOOD & RECIPES Whole Grains: What to Try and Why
http://goo.gl/vf7Uje
Eat to Ease Your Allergies
http://goo.gl/TTylLe
9 Seeds You Should Be Eating
http://goo.gl/35ERSA

進一步瞭解這議題, 可參考下列中文資料 :
有機農業四大原則的釐清 
<健康(Health)、生態(Ecology)、公平(Fairness)、謹慎(Care)>
觀點種子網 有機野譚首頁       
種基改作物比起有機農法對環境更好?
歐盟有機種苗規範的演進
有機農業的理念、規範以及消費者的抉擇
植物種源與有機農業 從種子多樣性談起
種子研究室網站
為何反對基改科技?基改不能解決糧食問題嗎?
https://goo.gl/Ztzvlf
 為什麼需要以有機農業來確保糧食生產呢?
https://goo.gl/KhWRtY
小麥的的功效與作用
http://goo.gl/rCqsXR
我們都有尼安德塔人的血統 基因組分析顯示,尼安德塔人和智人曾經混血
http://goo.gl/dxZfNM

或英文資料 (這 NGO 是聯合國有機農業顧問,權威性夠, 有能力訂出
化粧品成份是否是真按有機農業標準)
有機農業的原則─ (IFOAM,有機農業運動國際聯盟)   


小麥的前世今生!!
徐仲/小麥復興 | 聯合好評 | 評論 | 聯合新聞網
http://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/PIE0017/277334/web/

今晨撞到這篇短文,給我個機會介紹一些因應氣侯變遷小知識, 全世界農糧部門為食糧安全 (Food Security) 絞盡腦汁,思考如何在2050年,
餵飽全世界九十億人口的肚子; 在各式各樣的增产糧食方案中, 不再走以往 Green Growth (大量施肥,殺虫剂,除草剂,及單一作物)
的作法, 而改為有機農業 (特色為小農,在地生產及消費, 天敵式殺虫 <BPM - Biological Pest Management>, 複式作物等等);

另外,用基因改變的育種 (Plant Breeding)技術, 将主要作物 (Corn, Maize, Barley, Rye, Sorghum, Cassava 木薯,又稱樹薯) 的基因
改回到一萬年前先民發現那些作物的原始基因, 原因是当時的這些作物,因演化過程,本身就俱備了抗旱澇, 抗蟲害,與其他野草共生
的特性;

讀了三,四年有关氣侯變遷的論文, 簡而言之, 不外乎是還璞歸真, 愛物惜物, 互補共生而已!!

有興趣的, 可去連結逛逛;

FAO - The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication
Part 6. Conservation of Wild Progenitors
CHAPTER 1 - Crop domestication and the first plant breeders
The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication The Harlan Symposium
Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal
FAO - Fermented Cereals - A Global Perspective 
CHAPTER 1 CEREALS: RATIONALE FOR FERMENTATION
Patterns and processes in crop domestication: an historical review and quantitative analysis of 203 global food crops
The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium)

Crop wild relative
Introduction to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Genetics and genomics of crop domestication
How We Can Tame Overlooked Wild Plants to Feed the World
The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
Seeking Agriculture’s Ancient Roots 
The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent
http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/367/1/WRAP_Allaby_.pdf
Where Did Farming Begin?
http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farming.php
Neolithic founder crops
Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent
http://environment.yale.edu/publication-series/documents/downloads/0-9/103jaradat.pdf
Recent lessons from Near Eastern archaeobotany: wild cereal use, predomestication cultivation and tracing multiple origins and dispersals. 
CROPS OF THE EARLY FARMERS (TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE, 7000–4000 B.C.) (Ancient Europe)
http://what-when-how.com/ancient-europe/crops-of-the-early-farmers-transition-to-agriculture-70004000-b-c-ancient-europe/
Mysteriouda Origins of Crop Plants
The evolution of weeds: De-domestication?
The role of wild grasses in subsistence and sedentism: new evidence from the northern Fertile Crescent
Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of Triticeae in the Fertile Crescent
Chogha Golan Finds Shed New Light on Origins of Agriculture in Fertile Crescent
What was the Origins of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent Like? (2004)
Beginnings of Agriculture in Fertile Crescent More Widespread Than Thought, Study Says
Transition From Foraging To Farming Occurred Throughout The Entire Fertile Crescent

The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution
On the Origin and Domestication History of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication
Study Traces Cat’s Ancestry to Middle East
Cultigen
"Pharming," : A Cure for the Common Farm?

HLPE - High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition - Portal
Aquaculture, farming and development: an FAO consultation
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and 8 Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and 8 Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition 9 10 V0 DRAFT
HLPE consultation on the V0 draft of the Report: The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION


Miserere - Luciano Pavarotti and Zucchero
https://goo.gl/PJXf6k
Cranberries (Dolores ORiordan) & Zucchero _Pure Love
https://goo.gl/6KKOUz
The Cranberries - Linger
https://goo.gl/GUPrXB
The Cranberries - Zombie
https://goo.gl/GfkwB8

【医療保健】 何謂 '侏儒小麥', 又跟免疫系統何干?

【医療保健】 何謂 '侏儒小麥', 又跟免疫系統何干? 
​
先讓
​
我
​
說個小故事
​; ​
上週
​, 
與
​
​
一​
老友
​聊天打屁
​, 
將他兩三年
​前
​, 
身
​
受
全身發癢
​
之困擾
​, 
四處求醫
​
尋覓治療良方的經歷
​; 
​這位友人提及前週我曾傳過有關失智老婦以飲食治療, 又恢復記憶​
的貼文 (持再錄於后, 並將文中提及的那位在 UCLA 主持治療的那位
教授發表的研究成果報告找出附上), 那食療食鐠最重要的, 就是不吃
含麩皮的食物; 

他在試了好多位醫生後
​, 
終於找
​
對了
​
人
​
​; 
這位免疫風濕科
的醫生解說道
​, 
目前臺灣
不生產
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​小麥
​, 
大多由美加地區進口
​, 
而現全世界除歐州地區外
​,
因
​
美國
​ Monsanto 
強勢推廣
​, 
所
​
有
​
提供
​
給
​
農民
​
​
的
​
小麥
​
及黃豆
​
​
種子
​,
皆經過基因改良
​ 
(
Genetically Modified Foods
​/Crops; GM),
其中最出名的,
​
就是將印度南部找到的一種矮种小麥
​, 
又稱
​ '
侏儒小麥
(dwarf wheat), 
加以改良後
​, 
其產量是原種的兩倍
​, 
對印度
及巴基斯坦的稻米生產
​, 
有極大貢獻
​; 
但事情凡有利
​,
則必有弊
​;
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​這缺憾就出在這
​
改良交配過程中
​, 
成份中的麩皮增加
​, 
而缺少了
一染色体
​
​; 而這缺憾
​, ​
與
若干人体質
​
犯沖​​, 會對其免疫系統產生
干擾
​, 
一些症狀
​, 
如免疫系統功能降低
​, 
如全身發癢等
​; 
之後
​, 
就專吃特殊食鐠
​, 
大致為
​,​
​
​
​
​
​
​ 
​
不踫小麥製成的麵食, 及黃豆製食品, 
另外
​, ​
不沾
含麩皮成份的任何調味品, 如醬油 (註 : 也有不含麩皮
成份的, 注意標示), 主食只吃糙米, 加少許紅藜 (Quinoa),
​
如此
​, 
不出一月
​, 
不癢了
​, 
維持了兩年
​, 
某日
​, 
吃了半片土司
​,
到了晚上
​, 
這皮膚又癢起來了
​, 
如此可見
​, 
這麩皮
​ (Gluten)
是
​
肇禍的主因
​; ​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
​
james

Experiences and Prospects of Genetically Engineered Crops 
Gluten Allergy Linked to Modern Wheat?
What's wrong with modern wheat?
Three Hidden Ways Wheat Makes You Fat
The Problems with Modern Wheat
What’s Wrong with Our Wheat?
Dwarf Wheat, Another Arrow in the Backs of Americans

  1. It contains a Super Starch — amylopectin A that is super fattening.
  2. It contains a form of Super Gluten that is super-inflammatory.
  3. It contains forms of a Super Drug that is super-addictive and makes you crave and eat more.
Gluten can trigger inflammation, obesity and chronic disease in five major ways.
  1. Full-blown celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that triggers body-wide inflammation triggering insulin resistance, which causes weight gain and diabetes, as well as over 55 conditions including autoimmune diseases, irritable bowel, reflux, cancer, depression, osteoporosis and more.
  2. Low-level inflammation reactions to gluten trigger the same problems even if you don’t have full-blown celiac disease but just have elevated antibodies (7 percent of the population, or 21 million Americans).
  3. There is also striking new research showing that adverse immune reactions to gluten may result from problems in very different parts of the immune system than those implicated in celiac disease. Most doctors dismiss gluten sensitivity if you don’t have a diagnosis of celiac disease, but this new research proves them wrong. Celiac disease results when the body creates antibodies against the wheat (adaptive immunity), but another kind of gluten sensitivity results from a generalized activated immune system (innate immunity). This means that people can be gluten-sensitive without having celiac disease or gluten antibodies and still have inflammation and many other symptoms.
  4. A NON-gluten glycoprotein or lectin (combination of sugar and protein) in wheat called wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)[1] found in highest concentrations in whole wheat increases whole body inflammation as well. This is not an autoimmune reaction, but can be just as dangerous and cause heart attacks.[2]
  5. Eating too much gluten-free food (what I call gluten-free junk food) like gluten-free cookies, cakes and processed food. Processed food has a high glycemic load. Just because it is gluten-free, doesn’t mean it is healthy. Gluten-free cakes and cookies are still cakes and cookies! Vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts and seeds and lean animal protein are all gluten free — stick with those.
Gluten Free Living

Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s reversed for first time 
​ ​
Memory loss associated with Alzheimer's reversed for first time 
Small trial from Buck Institute and UCLA succeeds using  systems approach to memory disorders
Aging : Reversal of cognitive decline: A novel therapeutic program by Dale E. Bredesen
Reversal of cognitive decline: A novel therapeutic program
Dale Bredesen, MD, Professor Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease and potential therapeutics
Bredesen Publications
The Bredesen Protocol
CAN A CONTROVERSIAL NEW TREATMENT REVERSE MEMORY LOSS?


她67歲這樣吃,成功逆轉失智症!
前陣子史考特在粉絲團上提到,阿茲海默症(或是我們常說的老人失智)很有可能是一種代謝疾病,有學者甚至稱它為「第三型糖尿病」。 
儘管每年學界投下驚人的資源研究,目前為止我們對阿茲海默症尚沒有有效的療法。藥物儘管能改善相關症狀,卻無法治療失智症本身。 
但是在2014年,有一位加州大學的學者Bredesen,竟然宣稱失智症可以被逆轉... 
案例分享 
這篇發表在【Aging】(老化)期刊上的文章,分享了幾位接受治療計畫患者的故事,以下是其中一位婦人成功戰勝失智的勵志故事: 
一位67歲婦人在過去兩年發現自己的記憶力越來越糟。她平時的全職工作需要進行大量分析,非常耗費腦力。但因為失智症,她現在被迫考慮辭去這份工作。 
她發現自己念到一份文章的結尾時,竟然已經不記得開頭在說什麼,因此她時常必須反覆地念同一段文字。她的情況惡化到記不得四位數字,如果超過四位,她就一定得把它們寫在紙上。 
她甚至會在公司回家的路上迷路、搞混家裡寵物的名字、忘記家裡電燈開關在哪。 
這位婦人的母親在60歲時也出現一樣的症狀,因為失智症越來越嚴重,她被送進了安養中心,最後在80歲那年往生。 
婦人的醫師告訴她,她將會重複她母親的命運,漸漸退化到誰都認不得,並且失去所有生活自理的能力。 
婦人知道目前並沒有好的療法,而且她也無力負擔長照費用,於是她決定結束自己的生命。還好她有一位朋友知道了這個情況,建議她轉診去接受試驗性的療法。 
在接受治療後的三個月,婦人注意到失智的症狀明顯消退。她現在可以開車不迷路、記住電話號碼、而且輕鬆做好她的工作。 
接受治療後的兩年半,她滿70歲了,仍然在原本的工作崗位上奮鬥。 
治療內容 
所以,故事中的婦人究竟是接受了什麼樣的仙丹妙藥,竟然能戰勝讓醫生束手無策的失智症? 
以下是婦人的治療內容:
01.    去除飲食中的精製碳水化合物,這讓婦人減去了9公斤之多。02.    禁吃加工食品與麩質(gluten),多吃蔬菜水果以及野生魚類。03.    開始學習瑜珈。04.    冥想,一天兩次,一次20分鐘。05.    每晚服用褪黑激素(melatonin)。06.    每晚睡滿7-8小時。07.    補充維他命B12。08.    補充維他命D。09.    服用魚油。10.    補充CoQ10。11.    加強口腔衛生,使用電動牙刷、牙線。12.    與醫師討論後,她重新開始了荷爾蒙補充療法(HRT)。13.    每天禁食至少12小時(晚餐與隔日早餐之間空腹至少12小時)。14.    運動,每週四到六天,每次30-60分鐘。
沒有尖端科技開發的神奇新藥,僅僅靠著多重生活形態改變、營養補充,婦人竟然成功擊敗了失智症。 
結語 
原文作者Bredesen與史考特都要提醒大家,這是一個規模極小(10人),且沒有對照組的臨床試驗。它的證據能力極為有限,我們還需要更大型更嚴謹的研究,才能證實這種療法的效用。 
無論如何,Bredesen召募的10位受試者中,除了一位已經嚴重失智的患者,其他九位都有主觀或客觀上的改善。其中六位已經或正在考慮辭職的患者,在接受治療後全部都重返工作崗位。 
從任何標準來看,這樣的成果都是令人振奮的。 
Bredesen提到,阿茲海默症的成因極其複雜,就像一個浴缸裡面有30個漏洞,僅僅用一個橡皮塞就想要防堵漏水,是不可能的。這也是為什麼過去的單一藥物治療,往往遭遇失敗的命運。 
但史考特想指出一點:Bredesen的治療手段,幾乎每一項都能直接或間接地改善胰島素阻抗的問題,這點相當符合之前提過的「失智症是第三型糖尿病」的概念。 

Disturbed - The Sound Of Silence [Official Music Video]