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Sunday, June 26, 2016

【講些正經的!】 ‘小麥的前世、今生與來世’

好像在去年或前年, 在同學群組上曾貼過一文, ‘小麥的前世今生’   
但為了再續昨日有關侏儒小麥, 再論有關基改作物, 想去找出
那篇不夠成熟的舊文,遍尋不著; 但畢竟還是讓我找到, 再重覆
在本文最後; 

在網上胡亂找時, 發現這題目的討論, 有不少在佛教有關的網站,
說的是關於輪迴的議題;‘小麥的前世、今生與來世’ 
(http://goo.gl/avhM9R); (我推想這是佛經中所謂的大千世界,
眾生平等, 符合有機農業宣揚的 '生物多樣性' (BioDiversity),
我胡亂推論的, 不對的話, 請指正;

自從「遺傳學之父」尊稱的孟德爾以豌豆為材料，開始歷經八年實驗，
證明上一代的特徵遺傳給下一代是遵循著一個定律而不是漫無目的;
他以高莖如矮莖為例，首先將矮莖豌豆雄蕊摘掉，再將高莖豌豆的花粉
撒再矮莖豌豆的柱頭上，使兩者交配，觀察他們所產生的子代為高莖
或矮莖; 後有科學家注意到細胞核內的染色體，而遺傳基因是染色體
的一部份。現代生物科技的紀元正式起始於1953年4月25日，當華生
(James Watson)和克立克(Francis Crick)在《Nature》雜誌上提出
DNA的雙螺旋構造。他們的論文極短，但卻開啟了生命科學學的時代，
影響的卻深遠。也因此獲得1962年的諾貝爾生理醫學獎。
1914年，夏爾和易斯特發現自交作物經雜交可大為提高生產力，因而
帶動玉米與其他作物的雜交研究。 1963年，比切爾首先成功完成水稻
雜交，被稱為『雜交水稻之父』。1983年，奇頓最早發表基因改造植物。
特找出這一系列在遺傳學及細胞分子學上的重大事件,來引出下面有關
基改作物的正反兩邊辯証緣由 (Hybridization vs Genetically 
Modified) ; (Crossbreeding 是指動物或人類在同一物種下的交配;
若跨物種 Transgenic Animals, 如驢與馬交配而生出的騾,
公驢和母馬的基因較容易結合子是一種動物，有雌雄之分，分爲驢騾和
馬騾,但是沒有生育的能力)

以下是現代小麥究意是經大自然雜交, 抑或人為操弄基因改造兩方的辯論:

這是主張, 為改良品種, 如提高產量, 或抗虫害, 抗旱等特性,
以雜交遺傳 (Hybridization)的自然結果, 而不是操弄基改作物;
Wheat Improvement: The Truth Unveiled
http://tinyurl.com/hjabzrd
Ask Us Anything About GMOs!
https://goo.gl/E6TMqL
The Genetically Modified Crops Debate in the Context of Agriculture Evolution
http://tinyurl.com/gofszwe

但仍有不少專業者, 對 Monsanto 及 DuPont 的各種掠食性格的
各種隱誨商業行為及似是而非的辯詞不信任;
Wheat is NOT "genetically-modified"
I say “tomato,” you say “tomaato.”
http://goo.gl/E39wg
Book : Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your 
 Path Back to Health 
https://goo.gl/T7W0es
Is gluten on the increase?
http://goo.gl/ZLGiq3
Can an Increase in Celiac Disease Be Attributed to an Increase in the 
Gluten Content of Wheat as a Consequence of Wheat Breeding?
http://tinyurl.com/j2j5jh2
Is GMO Wheat Increasing Celiac and Gluten Sensitivity?
https://goo.gl/2ent81
Wheat is NOT Genetically Modified…so why so Many Sensitivities?
<One of the reasons gluten sensitivity is on the rise is that wheat has been altered so that it has higher gluten content.>
http://goo.gl/lzrmV
Genetically Modified vs. Hybridized Food: Should We Be Concerned?
http://goo.gl/UMbiLp
What's wrong with modern wheat?
http://www.grainstorm.com/pages/modern-wheat

FOOD & RECIPES Whole Grains: What to Try and Why
http://goo.gl/vf7Uje
Eat to Ease Your Allergies
http://goo.gl/TTylLe
9 Seeds You Should Be Eating
http://goo.gl/35ERSA

進一步瞭解這議題, 可參考下列中文資料 :
有機農業四大原則的釐清 
<健康(Health)、生態(Ecology)、公平(Fairness)、謹慎(Care)>
http://seed.agron.ntu.edu.tw/organic/principle2.htm
觀點種子網 有機野譚首頁       
http://seed.agron.ntu.edu.tw/organic/index.htm
種基改作物比起有機農法對環境更好?
https://goo.gl/FiYiDa
歐盟有機種苗規範的演進
http://tinyurl.com/zmyhlzz
有機農業的理念、規範以及消費者的抉擇
http://tinyurl.com/gnx5l2g
植物種源與有機農業 從種子多樣性談起
 http://tinyurl.com/zle2tvw
種子研究室網站
為何反對基改科技？基改不能解決糧食問題嗎？
https://goo.gl/Ztzvlf
 為什麼需要以有機農業來確保糧食生產呢？
https://goo.gl/KhWRtY
小麥的的功效與作用
http://goo.gl/rCqsXR
我們都有尼安德塔人的血統 基因組分析顯示，尼安德塔人和智人曾經混血
http://goo.gl/dxZfNM

或英文資料 (這 NGO 是聯合國有機農業顧問，權威性夠， 有能力訂出
化粧品成份是否是真按有機農業標準）
有機農業的原則─ (IFOAM，有機農業運動國際聯盟)   
http://www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/principles/index.html


小麥的前世今生!!
徐仲／小麥復興 | 聯合好評 | 評論 | 聯合新聞網
http://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/PIE0017/277334/web/

今晨撞到這篇短文,給我個機會介紹一些因應氣侯變遷小知識, 全世界農糧部門為食糧安全 (Food Security) 絞盡腦汁,思考如何在2050年,
餵飽全世界九十億人口的肚子; 在各式各樣的增产糧食方案中, 不再走以往 Green Growth (大量施肥,殺虫剂,除草剂,及單一作物)
的作法, 而改為有機農業 (特色為小農,在地生產及消費, 天敵式殺虫 <BPM - Biological Pest Management>, 複式作物等等);

另外,用基因改變的育種 (Plant Breeding)技術, 将主要作物 (Corn, Maize, Barley, Rye, Sorghum, Cassava 木薯，又稱樹薯) 的基因
改回到一萬年前先民發現那些作物的原始基因, 原因是当時的這些作物,因演化過程,本身就俱備了抗旱澇, 抗蟲害,與其他野草共生
的特性;

讀了三,四年有关氣侯變遷的論文, 簡而言之, 不外乎是還璞歸真, 愛物惜物, 互補共生而已!!

有興趣的, 可去連結逛逛;

FAO - The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication
Part 6. Conservation of Wild Progenitors
CHAPTER 1 - Crop domestication and the first plant breeders
The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication The Harlan Symposium
Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal
FAO - Fermented Cereals - A Global Perspective 
CHAPTER 1 CEREALS: RATIONALE FOR FERMENTATION
Patterns and processes in crop domestication: an historical review and quantitative analysis of 203 global food crops
The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium)

Crop wild relative
Introduction to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Genetics and genomics of crop domestication
How We Can Tame Overlooked Wild Plants to Feed the World
The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
Seeking Agriculture’s Ancient Roots 
The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent
http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/367/1/WRAP_Allaby_.pdf
Where Did Farming Begin?
http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farming.php
Neolithic founder crops
Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent
http://environment.yale.edu/publication-series/documents/downloads/0-9/103jaradat.pdf
Recent lessons from Near Eastern archaeobotany: wild cereal use, predomestication cultivation and tracing multiple origins and dispersals. 
CROPS OF THE EARLY FARMERS (TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE, 7000–4000 B.C.) (Ancient Europe)
http://what-when-how.com/ancient-europe/crops-of-the-early-farmers-transition-to-agriculture-70004000-b-c-ancient-europe/
Mysteriouda Origins of Crop Plants
The evolution of weeds: De-domestication?
The role of wild grasses in subsistence and sedentism: new evidence from the northern Fertile Crescent
Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of Triticeae in the Fertile Crescent
Chogha Golan Finds Shed New Light on Origins of Agriculture in Fertile Crescent
What was the Origins of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent Like? (2004)
Beginnings of Agriculture in Fertile Crescent More Widespread Than Thought, Study Says
Transition From Foraging To Farming Occurred Throughout The Entire Fertile Crescent

The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution
On the Origin and Domestication History of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication
Study Traces Cat’s Ancestry to Middle East
Cultigen
"Pharming," : A Cure for the Common Farm?

HLPE - High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition - Portal
Aquaculture, farming and development: an FAO consultation
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and 8 Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and 8 Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition 9 10 V0 DRAFT
HLPE consultation on the V0 draft of the Report: The Role of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION


Miserere - Luciano Pavarotti and Zucchero
https://goo.gl/PJXf6k
Cranberries (Dolores ORiordan) & Zucchero _Pure Love
https://goo.gl/6KKOUz
The Cranberries - Linger
https://goo.gl/GUPrXB
The Cranberries - Zombie
https://goo.gl/GfkwB8
at
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